CLASS 8TH

Prose 6: Polo – Julius Caesar (T2)

WORKING WITH THE TEXT

Q1. Why did certain party of Romans wish to kill Julius Caesar?

Ans. Julius Caesar was a great Roman soldier and leader.  Since he was bold and brave also, so certain parties suspected that he might be offered the crown of king, which they did wish to be made as king. So they made a plan to kill him.

Q2. Why did Calpurnia beg Caesar not to go to the Capitol?

Ans. Calpurnia, the wife of Caesar, did not want Caesar to go to the Capitol, because she had had a most frightening dream, in which Caesar’s statue, which stood in marketplace, had poured forth blood, and the Roman people came smiling to wash their hands in it. And in another dream, someone saw a lion in the marketplace and graves opened and gave up their dead. There was the noise of the battle in the air and cries of men and horses in pain. She explained him that these terrible things were warnings and anything could happen.

Q3. What two reasons did Anthony give to show that Caesar was not ambitious?

Ans. At the Caesar’s funeral, Mark Anthony gives two reasons to the Roman people to prove that Caser was not ambitious. First, that Caesar was always kind and generous to the poor and always felt great love and pity for them.

Second, that he was three times offered kingly crown at the games and all time he refused.

This shows that he was not ambitious.

Q4. Why was Brutus’ decision to march from Sardis to Philippi wrong?

Ans. Brutus’s decision to march from Sardis to Philippi was wrong because Octavius and Anthony had the advantage of a good defence position as well as a fresh and rested army.

Q5. Why has Brutus been called ‘the noblest Roman of the all’?

Ans. Brutus was ‘the noblest Roman of them all’ because he was the only on with honest thoughts for the good of the people. He was a brave and honourable man. He did not acted in the envy of the people.

LANGUAGE WORK

1. Match the words on the left with the words on the right to form common collocations.

Ans.

1. Work ………………. Important

2. Wide ……………….. Open

3. Well ………………... Aware

4. Great ……………….. Success

5. Vitally ……………… Ethic

Poem 9: Stars Speak To Man (T2)

THINKING ABOUT THE POEM

Q1. What do stars say to man in the first two lines?

Ans. In first two lines, stars remind man that he was born to enlighten the world, but he has chosen the fire and showed his insensitiveness, thus put the humanity in disgrace.

Q2. Nature had fashioned you to apportion love and affection

      But you took to buying and selling religion and faith instead.

Explain these lines.

Ans. These lines have been taken from the “Stars Speak to Man” written in Kashmiri by a Kashmiri writer Abdul Ahad Azad and translated in English by Prof G. R Malik.

In these lines, stars tell the man, that he was designed to distribute love and affection proportionally among people but he made the business of his religion and thus have lost the faith in religion.

Q3. Why is man described as a serpent?

Ans. A serpent is a poisonous animal. If it is given the task to guard the treasure, it will allow no one to come near it. Nature had bestowed treasure for all to share it equally, but man, with his selfishness took it all, and sat like a serpent on it, thereby allowing no one to come near it.

Q4. “That which you call awakening is a stupefying hangover”. Why?

Ans. Man has created divisions on the basis of religion. His own mischief has divided humans in the name of religion, thus they have lost faith on it. Man called this mischief an awakening while as it was a sedative to make it restless and away from the belief of others.

Q5. Do you think the poem is the wake-up call? Explain.

Ans. The poem clearly reveals the deeds of man. So this poem is a wake-up call for man, because he has misused his religion created divisions among brothers that lead to bloodshed. He has forgotten the humbleness, honour, help, sympathy, and sharing. Now it is time that he should repent from his all misdeeds. Thus the poet through his art of poetry wants to warn man for his misleads.

LANGUAGE WORK

Q1. Fill in the blanks to make a meaningful summary of the poem.

Ans. The poem is addressed to Man. The poet tells Man that he was the light of reason but he put humanity to disgrace. Nature had provided him with treasures of bounties to share them equally, but he sat like serpent on them. His heart is restlessly vibrating and his vision clouded by fantasies. In his own garden he cut the roots while watering twigs and leaves. He has ransacked and ravaged his own home.

Q2. Use the following phrases in your own sentences.

Ans.

(i). Choose to be: He chooses to be a teacher.

(ii). Take to: He was taken to the hospital for treatment.

(iii). Throw open: The warden throw open the door for all students to come in.

(iv). Pose to be: He poses to be genius.

(v). Fall into: I told him not to fall into conversation with them.

(vi). Tear apart: The professor tore apart the paper.

Poem 10: Summer and Winter (T2)

THINKING ABOUT THE POEM

Q1. What do the opening lines of the poem describe?

Ans. The opening lines of the poem describe the bright and cheerful charm of sunny afternoon of the month of June.

Q2. What is the effect of the shining sun on the objects of nature?

Ans. Beneath the shining sun all the objects, like the weeds, the river, the cornfields and reeds are happy. The leaves of trees have become visible in the light and are seen waving here and there.

Q3. How is winter described in the poem?

Ans. Winter is, described as lifeless season in the poem. The poet says that winter seems to be as lifeless for birds; they die, as they cannot move freely in summer. Fishes in this season become firm in the frozen water, which looks slime and sticky. Wrinkled clod becomes hard as brick. The children together with their parents feel cold although in front of fire. The beggars become homeless. This symbolizes winter as lifeless and gloom season.

Q4. Explain the following lines:

            All things rejoiced beneath the sun; the weeds,

            The river, and the cornfields, and the reeds;

            The willow leaves that glanced in the light breeze,

Ans. These lines have been taken from the poem “Summer and Winter” written by Percy Bysshe Shelley. In these lines, poet says that when the summer sun rises, all things like weeds, the river, the cornfields and other plants feel happiness. The leaves seem to move freely under the moderate breeze. It seems that summer has brought life on the earth to things that were in a lifeless condition in winter.

Q5. How does the poem end?

Ans. The poem ends with the description of the family where children together with their parents feel cold although in front of great fire. The poet is sorry for the homeless beggar of winter who suffers the harshness of winter and cold being homelessness.

LANGUAGE WORK

Q1. Write down some visual images from the poem:

Ans. Some visual images from the poem are:

Floating Mountains, Stainless Sky, Wrinkled Clod, Hard as Brick

Q2. Pick out the rhyming words from the poem.

Ans. Rhyming Words:

Weeds …………… Reeds

Breeze …………… Trees

Die ………………. Lie

Cold …………….. Old

Crowds ………….. Clouds

Q3. Write down five adjectives from the poem.

Ans. Five adjectives from the poem are:

1. The Silver Clouds: In summer we see silver clouds floating in the sky.

2. The Stainless Sky: The stainless sky looks attractive in summer.

3. The Lager Tress: The larger trees are found in the forests of Kashmir.

4. The Translucent Ice: In winter the translucent ice floats on the surface of water.

5. The Homeless Beggar: The homeless beggars are always seen begging in streets of cities.

Play 1: A Strange Trail (T2)

WORKING WITH THE TEXT

Q1. What did Alice remember?

Ans. Alice remembered, following a white rabbit and got entered in a rabbit hole behind it. She remembered the whole lot of odd creatures there talking and acting oddly. She also remembered the drinking of a strange liquid that made her smaller and a cake made her larger again. In fact she was in a strange party, called the Mad Tea party.

Q2. Why according to Gryphon were the Jurymen putting down their names?

Ans. According to Gryphon, the Jurymen were putting down their names, because they feared that they should forget them before the end of the trial.

Q3. The first witness was:

a) Alice           b) White rabbit          c) King            d) Mad Hatter

Ans. (d) Mad Hatter

Q4. ‘Give your evidence or ‘I’ll have you executed whether you’re nervous or not.

a)      Who says these words and whom?

b)     What do you mean by ‘I’ll have you executed’?

Ans.

(a). These words are told by the King to Mad Hatter.

(b). The King tells Hatter, if he shows any nervousness or have no evidence of his innocence, he will be punished.

Q5. What, according to Alice, is the first wise thing that the King has said that day?

Ans. “You are a poor speaker too” was the wise thing that according to Alice told the King to Hatter that day.

Q6. Knave denies having imitated somebody’s handwriting. What evidence does he give?

Ans. Knave denies having imitated somebodies handwriting. In order to prove himself he argued that if he had written that letter he would have signed at the end.

Q7. What happens when the whole pack of cards and all the animals fall upon Alice?

Ans. When the whole pack of cards and animals fall upon Alice, she screams and tries to beat them off but they run in different directions and disappear.

Q8. A strange trial was a dream which Alice dreamt. (True/False)

Ans. True. A strange trial was a dream, dreamt by Alice on a stage.

LANGUAGE WORK

A. Match the phrasal verbs on the left with their meaning on the right:

Ans.

i. Put down ………………….. Write down

ii. Pick up ……………………. Take in hand

iii. Send for ………………….. Send someone a message asking them to come to see you.

iv. Take off ………………….. Remove

v. Put on ……………………... Wear

vi. Stare at …………………… Look at something continuously

vii. Hurry up ………………… Makes haste

viii. Look at …………………. See

ix. Fall in ……………………. Make a line

x. Hand over ……………….... Give

xi. Beat off …………………... Defeat

xii. Hit out …………………… Criticize strongly

B. Do it yourself.

C. Fill in the blanks with the words given:

Bevy, Brood, Throng, Staff, Suite, Chest, Cluster, Litter, String, Shoal, Chain

Ans.

1. A shoal of fish.

2. A bevy of ladies.

3. A suit of rooms.

4. A cluster of stars.

5. A staff of officials.

6. A throng of people.

7. A brood of chickens.

8. A litter of puppies.

9. A chest of drawers.

10. A string of camels.

11. A chain of mountains.

D. Give the antonyms of the italicized word in the following sentences:

Ans.

1. Honesty is the best policy.

Ans. (b). Deceit

2. The chairman initiated the proceeding with a brief speech.

Ans. (c). Closed

3. William Wordsworth is celebrated for his lucid style.

Ans. (a). Notorious

4. A faithful officer is always vigilant towards his duties.

Ans. (d). Careless

Prose 7: Polythene: A Disaster (T2)

WORKING WITH THE TEXT

Q1. What is polythene? Who discovered it?

Ans. Polythene is a tough, light, flexible synthetic resin made by polymerization ethylene, chiefly used for plastic bags, food containers, and other packing. It was discovered by a German Scientist Hans Von Pechmann.

Q2. What does Rakesh’s father expect from kids?

Ans. Rakesh’s father expects from kids that they will stop using polythene bags which the elders have so far failed to do.

Q3. Why is polythene widely used?

Ans. Polythene is widely used because it is cheap and easy to carry everywhere.

Q4. What is biodegradation?

Ans. Biodegradation is a chemical process by which decaying or decomposition of organic matter takes place. This chemical dissolution of materials is carried out by bacteria, fungi or other biological means.

Q5. What are the harmful effects of polythene?

Ans. Polythene has many harmful effects. Diseases like cholera, malaria etc. are caused by the polythene. Since it is non-biodegradable, so it increases infertility of soil. It plays a major role in the blockage of water systems like sewage and water pipes, causing floods during rainfall. Polythene bags are often eaten by animals and sometimes cause their death.

Q6. How is soil affected by polythene?

Ans. Since, polythene is a non-biodegradable material, so it is not decomposed in the soil. After remaining in the soil, it damages the ecosystem of soil by retarding its carrying capacity. Besides, polythene has a property of non-permeability, so it cuts off respiration of soil system which in turn not only affects plant life but other creatures living in the soil.

Q7. How does polythene affect animals?

Ans. When polythene bags, carrying eatables like fruits, after usage, are thrown in open roads, then these are often eaten by stray animals, which sometime cause their death. It also affects the marine animals. About one billion marine animals die each year due to polythene pollution.

Q8. What is SRO 182?

Ans. SRO 182 is a law, made by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir on 18^th of June 2008, by which the use of polythene has been banned within the territorial limits of the state.

Q9. How can we save our posterity from the harmful effects of polythene?

Ans. We can save our posterity by completely avoiding the use of polythene. Instead of polythene we can use the bags made of jute and cotton. In this way we can save ourselves from the diseases and harmful effects of polythene.

LANGUAGE WORK

1. Choose the correct sentence from the following: (Answers only)

Ans.

1. I knew him since 2009.

2. The freedom struggle against the Maharaja started in 1930.

3. Television revolutionized the game of cricket in 1980.

4. The economic depression in USA started in 1920.

2. Give the full form of following acronyms.

Ans.

(a). IPL: Indian Premier League

(b). WHO: World Health Organization

(c). WWF: World Wildlife Fund

(d). ILO: International Labour Organization (Office)

(e). BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation

(f). FIFA: Federation International Football Association

(g). HBO: Home Box Office

(h). PIL: Public Interest Litigation

(i). ICC: Integrated Circuit (Chip) Card

(j). IMF: International Monetary Fund

GRAMMER WORK

Exercise:

1. Identify following sentences as Simple, Compound or Complex sentences:

1. I don’t like girls/boys who are lazy……..Complex Sentence

2. He called her but didn’t respond………Compound Sentence

3. She went because she was invited……..Compound sentence

4. You should work hard or you will fail…….Compound sentence

5. He stood first in the class……Simple sentence

6. They must apologize or they will be punished……Compound sentence

7. She must apologize to avoid punishment…..Complex sentence

8. The mother hit him and made him cry……..Complex sentence

9. She succeeded in the very first attempt………Simple sentence

10. She has lost the book that my brother had given her…….Complex sentence

11. Men may come and men may go but I go on forever……..Compound sentence

12. We eat so that we may live……Complex sentence

13. They serve God well who serve his creatures…….Complex sentence

14. One blushes when one is guilty…..Complex sentence

15. Man proposes, but God disposes……..Compound sentence

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

History

Chapter 13: Afghans Take Over Kashmir

Answer the following questions:

Q1. Identify the factors responsible for chaos, confusion and uncertainty in Kashmir during Afghan period.

Ans. Afghan rule started in Kashmir in 1753 A.D and remained up to 1819 A.D. Kashmir, always remained, a disturbed place. Main factors responsible for chaos were the weak successors of Mughal Kings. Less knowledge and care of Ahmad Shah Abdali towards Kashmir lead to the successors to work independently. This resulted in many wars and weak polity. Imposition of tax on every community and every class of people was another factor responsible for these conditions. Tribal rivalries, jealousies, fatal rush for power were some other factors for uncertain and disturbed conditions in Kashmir.

Q2. Why did people complain against the taxation structure under Afghan?

Ans. Tax was imposed on every commodity and every class of people. Almost every Governor was trying to extract money from exhausted people of Kashmir. People suffered a lot due to this unjust and over taxation. Taxation structure was totally wrong. That is why people complain against the taxation structure under Afghan.

Q3. Describe the relations between the Afghan Kings and their Governors in Kashmir.

Ans. After the takeover of Kashmir by Afghans, the situation in Afghanistan worsened. As a result, their Governors got an opportunity to take the power into their hands. So there was a continuous war between Afghan Kings and their Governors in Kashmir. The situation was very critical earlier during the reign of Afghan Kings but later it became stable.

Q4. State in brief the administration setup in Kashmir under the Sikh rule.

Ans. Under the Sikh rule, the province of Kashmir was divided into 36 Parganas and a Pargan into Zilas. A Zila constituted many villages. The province was administered through a governor called Nazim. Sahib-i-Kar supervised the revenue affairs at provincial level and Qanungo collected the revenue in the Parganas. Shiqdar, Sazawal, Muqqadam, Patwari and Tehwildar functioned at the village level. One half the produce was the state share. Peasants had to pay additional tax as two to four Traks per Kharwar. In overall administration, people suffered a lot.

Q5. Define Traki.

Ans. Traki was a kind of tax based on two to four Traks per Kharwar paid by the peasants under Sikh-rule administration.

Q6. How were Galwans suppressed?

Ans. Galwans were the professionals who took care of ponies and horses of the villagers during the grazing season and were paid for this service. But they had turned to horse robbers before the Sikh-rule. This posed threat to all people and administration. So it was important for Sikhs to suppress them. Kripa Ram was the first Governor who tried to suppress them by putting three of them to death. Then Kanwar Sher Singh sent a strong force, killed eight Galwans and arrested seventeen. Arrested Galwans were hanged to death at Amira Kadal. Then Colonel Mohan Singh sent his army to Kamraz and proceeded himself with army to Maraz to suppress the activities. Some of the Galwans were killed, some hanged and freed after cutting their hands. Some of the Galwans fearing stern action, left the valley for Baltistan and Ladakh and took to their original profession of rearing horses to earn livelihood.

(Short answer for Q6…………)

Ans. Galwans were the professionals who took care of ponies and horses of the villagers during the grazing season and were paid for this service. But they had turned to horse robbers before the Sikh-rule. To suppress them, many of the Galwans were killed, hanged, arrested and freed after cutting their hands, by the different Governors time to time. This posed threat to many Galwans and they left the place and took their original profession.

Q7. Why do you think Ranjit Dev maintained diplomatic relations with contemporary powers?

Ans. During the reign of Ranjit Dev in Kashmir, the situation was worse, therefore to gain the political convenience, he maintained diplomatic relations with contemporary political powers. Due to this, Raja Ranjit Dev was considered as loyal to the Mughal throne. This resulted the smooth functioning of his administration.

Q8. When was Wam-he-Yig concluded? What were its main terms?

Ans. Wam-he-Yig was a formal instrument. It was concluded in July, 1752. Its main terms were as; Purik to continue with Tashi; no intimidation to travelers and traders between Ladakh and Kashmir or Baltistan or Delhi; the eldest son to the king and the youngers to be the Lama.

True or False:

(i). Kashmir came under Afghan rule under Ahmad Shah Abdali.

(ii). Amira Kadal was built by Azad Khan.

(iii). Birbal Dhar approached Ahmad Shah Abdali to conquer Kashmir.

(iv). The condition of people under Afghans was not satisfactory.

Ans.

(i). Kashmir came under Afghan rule under Ahmad Shah Abdali.                   True

(ii). Amira Kadal was built by Azad Khan.      False

(iii). Birbal Dhar approached Ahmad Shah Abdali to conquer Kashmir.         True

(iv). The condition of people under Afghans was not satisfactory.      True

Fill in the Blanks:

(a). _________ was the department introduced by Afghans levy tax on Shawl Industry.

(b). _________ Afghan governors ruled Kashmir during the period of _______ years.

(c). Hariparbat fort was built by __________.

Ans.

(a). Dag-i-Shawl was the department introduced by Afghans levy tax on Shawl Industry.

(b). 28 Afghan governors ruled Kashmir during the period of 67 years.

(c). Hariparbat fort was built by Atta Mohammad (Afghan Governor).

Choose the most correct answer from the given options:

(i). to maintain the law and order, the Sikh Governor suppressed

(a). Galwans   (b). Peasants   (c). Shawlbaf’s                        (d). None of these

Ans. (a). Galwans

(ii). Bahu fort was completed during the reign of

(a). Udhyanadev         (b). Ranjit Dev                        (c). Dhurj Dev             (d). Jasrat Dev

Ans. (b). Ranjit Dev

(iii). Bebujnama was written by

(a). Pir Hassan Shah   (b). Hamidullah Shahbadi       (c). Shah Alam                        (d). Ahmad Sha

Ans. (b). Hamidullah Shahbadi

(iv). Dogra invasion of Ladakh was led by

(a). Wazir Zorawar Singh      (b). George Bogle       (c). Dalai Lama           (d). None of these

Ans. (a). Wazir Zorawar Singh

Prose 2: Life (U2)

WORKING WITH TEXT 

Q1. What answer did the stars give to the wind?

Ans: Since the stars have their own light so they answered in their own way. They told the wind that they have their own light and with this light they shine the others to find their way. They are independent. Life of dependence is no life. Having their own light is the life for them. 

Q2. What was the moon's reply? 

Ans: The moon replied that its life is nothing without stars because it borrows its light from them and this borrowed light is the cause of its black spots. Due to this, its life is like a widow. Its life is dependent on others and feels lifeless entity and child of the ocean.

Q3. What was the oceans response?

 Ans: The Ocean replied that the idea of life is to realize one's limits and maintain one's dignity to contain all bitter experiences and take them as pearls and rubies. The life is also a penance or renunciation, as if it (ocean) is the cause of someone's death it also regrets it by giving them pearls and rain because salty water of it creates pearls and create clouds full of rain.

Q4. What was the earth's reply to the question put forth to her by the wind?

Ans: For earth the meaning of life is 'love'. Earth considers herself the mother of all lives and says that the sympathy of mother is the gift of life. Earth says that it takes water from clouds, rivers, and streams and distributes everything that sprouts from it, so this taking and giving is life for her.

Q5. What was the little girl doing when the wind saw her?

Ans: The little girl was lighting new lamps with the lamp that was already alight in her hand.

Q6. Why was the Wind impressed by the little girl?

Ans: The wind was impressed by the girl because she found the real meaning of life from the words that the girl told her. The wind understood that helping those who have a strong desire to live is the real meaning of life.

Q7. Why did the wind join the girl?

Ans: The wind joined the girl because she was impressed by the answer given by her. Thus the Wind forgot everything and joined her.

LANGUAGE WORK 

I. Choose appropriate tiller for the following: (Kindly consult your text book),(Answers Only):

1. He tames because he

Ans: (c), He is fond of them.

2. He is so lazy that he

Ans: (c), He can seldom complete his work.

3. Whichever way you approach the problem

Ans: (d), It will not be solved.

4. The doctor warns him that unless he gives up smoking

Ans: (d), He will not recover.

II. Write two synonyms of each of the following Words: (Answers Only):

1. Abhor………..Hate, Detest, Dislike, Despise

2. Betray……….Expose, Reveal, Deceive, Grass

3. Counsel……..Advice, Discuss, Guidance, Direction

4. Delight………Please, Satisfy, Pleasure, Happiness, Joy

5. Educate……….Amend, Improve, Teach, Instruct

6. Fate……………Destiny, Fortune, Luck

7. Generous……..Benevolent, Big hearted, Lavish, Liberal

8. Hasty………..Quick, Speedy, Hurried, Swift, Rapid, Fast

9. Intellectual…….Knowledgeable, Intelligent, Logical, Scholarly

10. Justice……….Fairness, Impartiality, Rightfulness, Uprightness

11. Languid………Lazy, weak, Unhurried, Unenergetic, Relaxed

12. Mend……….Aid, Patch, Repair, Fix, Restore

13. Nonsense……..Senseless, Gibberish, Babble, Drivel

14. Obstacle……..Difficulty, Problem, Complication, Hindrance, Restraint

15. Palatable………Edible, Pleasant, Tasty, Satisfying

16. Queer………….Unusual, Unexpected, Odd, Expose, Endanger

17. Religious………Sacred, Spiritual, Holy, Pious, Puritan

18. Sober………….Temperate, Moderate, Intoxicated, Serious

19. Transient………Fleeting, Passing, Brief, Temporary, Short-lived

20. Urge…………..Need, Wish, Impulse, Itch, Craving

GRAMMER WORK

Write the following sentences inserting ‘to’ wherever necessary before the infinitive in brackets:

1. I have no money (lend) you.           Ans. I have no money to lend you.

2. We saw the thief (run).                   Ans. We saw the thief running.

3. We heard her (sing).                        Ans. We heard her singing.

4. They watched their team (play).     Ans. They watched their team to play.

5. He made us (wait) for a long time. Ans. He made us to wait for a long time.

6. Let him (work).                               Ans. Let him to work.

7. Need I (come) tomorrow?              Ans. Need I to come tomorrow?

8. Do you wish make (make) a complaint?     Ans. Do you wish to make a complaint?

9. A heard a cock (crow) and got up.             Ans. He heard a cock crowing and got up.

10. How dare you (read my letter?                 Ans. How dare you to read my letter?

11. It is up to you (increase) your knowledge.           Ans. It is up to you to increase your knowledge.

12. Bid him (go) there.                        Ans. Bid him to go there.

13. Good bye! I hope (see) you again.            Ans. Good bye! I hope to see you again.

14. I would like (be) a teacher.           Ans. I would like to be a teacher.

15. He learnt (swim) when he was ten years old.       Ans. He learnt to swim when he was ten years old.

16. I’m tired. I want (go) to bed.        Ans. I’m tired. I want to go to bed.

17. What have you decided (do)?      Ans. What have you decided to do?

18. We should learn (speak) the truth.            Ans. We should learn to speak the truth.

19. Where is Sumaya? I need (ask) her something.    Ans. Where is Sumaya? I need to ask her something.

20. I’m trying (concentrate). Please stop talking.       Ans. I’m trying to concentrate. Please stop talking.

Let’s Write:

1. Write a dialogue (100-150 words) on ‘Life is Gift’.  (By Bilal Ahmad Kulgam)

Daniel (walking towards the park) Hello George, how is life treating you?
George: I’m pretty good.
Daniel: OK George. Now tell me, how were your exams?
George: Oh yes, I’ve done very well. I hope this year I could make the top.
Daniel: Oh that’s great! I wish for your ascending success. How is your friend, Mark? I’ve not seen him for many days.
George: Daniel, our friend had been suffering from Asthma for the last seven years and.....yesterday he died of Asthma.
Daniel: Oh my God! That is so terrible.
George: Actually he was residing in pollution prone area. It is certainly said that life is a gift and we must take great care of it.

Poem 3: The Bangle Sellers (U2)

THINKING ABOUT THE POEM

Q1. Who is the speaker in the poem?

Ans. The Bangle Seller is the speaker in the poem. In the opening lines of the poem we see that it is Bangle Seller who says, “Bangle sellers are we who bear…….Our shining loads to the temple fair”. He describes himself and his bangles throughout the whole poem.

Q2. How are the bangles described in the first stanza of the poem and who are these bangles for?

Ans. In the first stanza the bangles are described as lustrous, shining loads, rainbow-coloured, delicate and bright for happy daughters and happy wives.

Q3. The poet uses different similes for the bangles. What are these?

Ans. The similes that are used in the poem are; Mountain mist, new born leaves, sunlit corn and flame of fire.

Q4. Name the different colours of bangles mentioned in the poem? What do these colours represent?

Ans. Silver and blue, rainbow coloured, sunlit corn colour, purple, gold flecked grey are some colours used for bangles in the poem. These colours represent the bangles suitable for different age group of woman.

Q5. The word ‘some’ has been repeated in the poem for a purpose. What is it?

Ans. The word ‘some’ represents the different types of bangles in the poem.

Q6. Explain the following lines:

            “Some are made for a maiden’s wrist,

            Silver and blue as the mountain mist”

Ans. These lines have been taken from the second stanza of the poem “The Bangle Seller” written by Sarojni Naidu. In these lines, the narrator says that some bangles are made for the wrists of unmarried women with the silver and blue colors just like the mist of the mountains.

LANGUAGE WORK

I. Read the poem once again and fill in the blanks as in the poem:

Bangle seller, sunlit corn, flecked grey, rainbow-tinted

Ans.1. Bangles are said to be as rainbow-tinted circles of light.

2. Some are like fields of sunlit corn.

3. Some bangles are purple and gold flecked grey.

4. People buy these bangles from the bangle seller.

II. The poet has used several expressions which form pictures in the readers mind i.e., “fields of sunlit corn” and “circles of light”. Pick out more such expressions from the poem.

Ans. Limpid glory and flame of her marriage fire are some expressions used in the poem.

III. Use the clues to complete the word pyramid:

Ans. MOB, MOTH, MONTH, MOTHER, MORNING, MOUNTAIN

Poem 4: Prayer for Strength (U2)

THINKING ABOUT THE POEM

Q1. Why does the poet want God to strike at his heart?

Ans. The poet prays to God to strike at his heart so that he could bear the joys and sorrows of poverty and he also prays to God to remove hard heartedness and fill up his heart with love and passion.

Q2. What does the poet want the strength for?

Ans. The poet wants strength to bear his joys and sorrows to make his love fruitful in service, never to disown poor and never to bend before rude people.

Q3. How can love be made meaningful in one’s life?

Ans. If you love someone and your love changes the life of your beloved in a fruitful way with sweet and nice results then you have made your love meaningful in one’s life.

Q4. What should be our attitude towards the poor?

Ans. We should never disown poor; we should always help and love them.

Q5. What does ‘bend my knees’ signify?

Ans. ‘Bend my knees’ in the poem signifies to resist or oppose disrespectful power and not to bend before them.

Q6. Why does the poet want to raise his mind high above ‘daily trifles’?

Ans. The poet wants to raise his mind high above “daily trifles” because he wants to overcome the thinking about the things of little value and think about the great things that may be beneficial for the people.

Q7. Why does the poet ask for strength to surrender his will to God’s will?

Ans. The poet wants strength to surrender his will before God’s will because he knew that there is no power that can resist Almighty. By surrendering his will to God’s will his heart will get purified and he will get love from God and will lead a good life.

LANGUAGE WORK

1. Give me the strength never to disown the poor;

Make the words beginning with prefix ‘Dis-’ which makes a negative word.

Ans. Some words with prefix ‘dis-’ are:

1. Disgrace, 2. Discontinue 3. Disconnect 4. Dislike 5. Dishonest,  6. Disable 7. Discharge, 8. Disagree 9. Disrespect 10. Disown

2. Find the repeated words in the poem and write them in your notebook;

Ans. Words repeated in the poem; 1. Strike 2. Give me 3. Strength

Short Story 2: Achilles (U2)

WORKING WITH TEXT

Q1. How was the Rose-Beetle Man dressed?

Ans. Rose-Beetle Man was dressed with a wide hat on head, shirt and a startling blue satin cravat around his neck. He had worn a coat with bulged pockets, patched trousers and a pair of leather shoes with upturned toes.

Q2. How do we know that the Rose-Beetle Man cared well for his pets?

Ans. He had kept his pets in a sack. When he undid his sack half a dozen tortoise came out tumbling. He had polished their shells with oil and decorated their front legs with little red bows. This shows that he cared well for his pets.

Q3. What made the narrator select one particular tortoise from among the other animals?

Ans. From among the other animals one was energetic than others. Its shell was of the size of a tea cup. Its eyes were bright and its walk was alert. This fascinated the narrator and he was convinced to select this particular tortoise as his pet.

Q4. How did Achilles enjoy eating strawberries?

Ans. Achilles liked the wild strawberries the most. He easily swallows the small sized strawberries but when he was given the big one, he would grab it to a quiet spot among the flower beds to eat it at the leisure time. He was very fond of wild strawberries.

Q5. How were Roger and Achilles rivals?

Ans. Both Roger and Achilles liked grapes. Before the arrival of Achilles, Roger enjoyed full part of grapes. Now the Achilles became his partner, therefore there was a great rivalry between them.

Q6. Why did Achilles find Roger irritating?

Ans. Achilles was very fond of grapes, when he ate grapes, the juice would run his chin, and Roger would lie watching him his mouth dropping saliva. Roger would creep upto Achilles and lick him vigorously to get the grape juice which irritated Achilles.

Q7. How did Roger feel at Achilles’ funeral?

Ans. Roger felt happy at Achilles’ death that is why he was waging his tail at his funeral.

Q8. The family wandered about the olive-groves, shouting, ‘Achilles… strawberries, Achilles. … .’ At length, we found him;

a. How had Achilles escaped?

Ans. Achilles was habitual to walk through the whole garden. One day, the garden gate was left opened and Achilles got an opportunity to escape from the garden.

b. Explain, why the family shouted ‘strawberries’ during their search?

Ans. Achilles was very fond of strawberries, so to find him any way they should make him greedy for his favourite fruit so that they could easily find him.

c. Where did the family finally find Achilles? What had happened to him?

Ans. Finally, the family found Achilles in the well, the wall of which had long since disintegrated. He had fallen into the well and was quite dead.

Q9. There are many instances of humour in the story. Pick out any two of them.

Ans. The story has many humourous instances. Eating of grapes by Achilles and running of juice from his mouth is humourous. Searching down the path of sunbathing person and sleeping on a belly is a humourous instance in the story.

LANGUAGE WORK

Make anagrams using the following words with the help of the clues given in the table below:

Word                          Anagram                    Meaning

Looped                       Poodle                         an intelligent breed of dog.

Schoolmaster             The Classroom            where lessons are taught.

Listen                          Silent                           making no sound.

Married                      Admirera                     fan.

Rabies                         Serbiaa                        country in the Southeast Europe.

Real fun                     Funeral                       performed after someone’s death.

Retain                         Retinaa                        part of the human eye.

Charm                        March                          movement of soldiers.

GRAMMER WORK

(i) Some of the following sentences are incorrect. Correct them.

1) We get a lot of English home works.         Ans. We got a lot of homework.

2) I’ve got some sands in my shoe.                 Ans. I’ve got some sand in my shoe.

3) Did you hear the news about Sara?            Ans. Did you hear news about Sara?

4) We need more chairs in this room.             Ans. We need more chairs in this room.

5) Can I have some more pasta?                     Ans. Can I have some more pastas?

6) He carried my luggages to the taxi.            Ans. He carried my luggage to the taxi.

(ii) Insert ‘a’ or ‘an’ wherever necessary.

1. Why are you taking an umbrella? It isn’t raining.

2. I had soup and a bread roll for lunch.

3. It was a good idea to have a party.

4. She’s looking for a job in Jammu.

5. I often go to her for an advice.

(iii) Fill in the gaps with a noun from the words given using a/an/the wherever necessary.

Chair, Suitcase, Fly, Rice, Furniture, day, whether, accidents, luggage.

1. There’s a fly in my soup.

2. I have to some furniture for my new house.

3. I haven’t got much luggage with me. Just this bag

4. It’s a sunny day today.

5. There weren’t any accidents on the roads yesterday.

(iv) Which of the underlined words in the parts of these sentences is correct?

1. Hurry up? We haven’t got many / a lot of time.                 Ans. a lot of

2. I don’t eat much / many chocolates.                                   Ans. many

3. I didn’t take much / many photographs.                             Ans. many

4. I don’t listen too much / many classical music.                  Ans. much

Prose 3: Global Warming (T1)

WORKING WITH THE TEXT

Q1. Why has the earth’s average surface temperature increased?

Ans. The earth’s average surface temperature has increased due to the global warming which has increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere produced by the human activities such as deforestation and burning of fossil fuels.

Q2. Why the Himalayan region is called the ‘Water Tower of Asia’?

Ans. The Himalayan Region is covered of about 33000 sq km by glaciers which act as a mother to several streams and rivers and support economy and livelihood to millions of people in several countries of Asia, so it is called the ‘Water Tower of Asia’.

Q3. What are the main sources of water in the Kashmir valley?

Ans. Flood plain lakes, high altitude Himalayan lakes, perennial rivers of Indus system, wet lands of different dimensions, ponds, snow-fed streams, springs, reservoirs are the main source of water in the Kashmir Valley.

Q4. Why is water the most precious natural resource?

Ans. Water is the most precious natural resource because it saves our lives in many ways, such as, we drink it because we cannot live without it, it helps in the economy, development, livelihood and mainly it keeps us clean from dust and dirt. It is used to generate electricity, in other words, it brights up our dark rooms. It is used for agriculture so that we can get two time meals. It is really a precious natural resource.

Q5. How has Kashmir been influenced by global warming?

Ans. Kashmir has been badly influenced by the global warming. Since last two decades many changes have been seen and witnessed in the valley Kashmir. Water is becoming scarce day by day due to the melting of Kolhai Glacier, the main source of water in Kashmir. The climate has totally been changed. It is difficult to distinguish between spring, summer and winter. Wet lands that were a part of water for irrigation in Kashmir, have been concretized. It has also reduced the production of crops.

Q6. How is global warming the largest threat to the humanity?

Ans. Global Warming is the largest threat not only to the humanity but also to all living organisms. Due to global warming, largest glaciers are melting, which will cause the rise in the sea level and the change in the precipitation in air and certainly seasonal change. The weather will change from moderate to hot. This will lead to droughts and lesser production of agricultural yields. It will also lead to natural disasters. It has affected the livelihood of human. It has adversely affected the humanity and will continuously affect it, if not controlled in time.

Q7. What do you think is the cause of decrease in snowfall in Kashmir?

Ans. As we know that global warming changes the precipitation in the air, this leads to change in weather and climate to extreme weather. So we think that global warming is the cause of decrease in snowfall in Kashmir.

Q8. What has been the impact of global warming on J & K so far?

Ans. Global warming has adverse impact on J & K, because the demarcation between seasons that was well defined a decade ago, has vanished. It is now difficult to distinguish between autumn and winter. Its impact can be seen on the glaciers that are continuously melting. High velocity storms are another factor of global warming in Jammu & Kashmir.

Q9. What role do the scientists play in J & K to deal with the problem of global warming?

Ans. Scientists have considered the Kolhai glacier as one of the index glacier in the Lidder Valley. It has been selected for long term monitoring. This Glacier is the water resource of whole community in this valley, so they have indexed a glacier in this region for assessing water resource availability for them. Scientific studies conducted on the glacier will last for five years after which TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute J&K) will recommend measures to bring down the glaciers recession rate.

Q10. What do we, as individuals, need to do deal with the problem of global warming?

Ans. As individuals, we should try to make awareness among the people about the drastic effects of global warming. Even individual should try to minimize the exhaust of the greenhouse gases.

LANGUAGE WORK

I. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with appropriate compound word/s or phrases from the box below:

White House/white house, Green House/greenhouse, Black box/black box, Strong hold/stronghold, White-collar/whitecollar

1. a) We live in a beautiful Green House.

    b) My uncle has built a greenhouse next to his house, where he grows vegetables in winter.

2. a) Most PhD’s only prefer white-collar jobs.

    b) He was wearing a pink shirt with a whitecollar.

3. a) We live in the white house near the mosque.

    b) The president of America lives in the White House.

4. a) My wife keeps her jewellery in a black box.

    b) The black box has been found. It will now be possible to find out why the plane crashed.

5. a) He has strong hold on his wife.

    b) The southern part of the state is a stronghold of the robbers.

II. Use the following phrases or expressions from the lesson in your own sentences;

Ans. In progress: The game was already in progress when I tuned in.

Uncontrollable rate: The birth rate in the state is increasing at uncontrollable rate.

Across the globe: Global warming is a major threat across the globe.

In the backdrop of: State employees are not well satisfied in the backdrop of state economy.

At an alarming rate: Glaciers are receding at an alarming rate.

An irritating change: Pollution leads to an irritating change in environment.

Bereft of: People, are bereft of the cause of global warming.

Dried up: Most of the springs in the valley have dried up due to the global warming,

At the global level: We should find the measures at the global level to control the global warming.

Heavy burden: If global warming is not controlled at an earliest, it will be a heavy burden on the shoulders of every individual in near future.

III. Choose the synonym of the word from the four options given:

1. Sporadic rise in his temperature has caused us much worry.

a. Frequent       b. irksome      c. irregular         d. scattered

Ans.   c. Irregular

2. Reading of poetry is not congenial to his state.

a. Suited         b. Beneficial      c. Helpful      d. Preferable

Ans.   a. Suited

3. The weavers have to do monotonous work.

a. Repetitive    b. exhaustive     c. irksome     d. autonomous

Ans. a. Repetitive

4. The fishing pulled away from the wharf and chugged smoothly down the bay.

a. harbor      b. shore      c. quay        c. ager

Ans. c. Quay

GRAMMAR WORK

In the following sentences, use either infinitive or gerund in order to make them correct:

1. Laughing is good for health. (to laugh / laughing)

2. Our turn being over, we left the library. (be / being)

3. The old woman tried to go to the hospital alone. (to go/ going)

4. Being late for school is his habit. (to be / being)

5. Hina, having completed her work, left home. (to have / having)

6. Listening music is her hobby. (to listen / listening)

7. I liked to read Arabic literature. (to read / reading)

8. His only aim was to cheat. (to cheat / cheating)

9. Fishing is not allowed here. (to fish / fishing)

10. Children love to make mud houses. (to make / making)

Prose 4: For God’s Sake Hold thy Tongue (T1)

WORKING WITH THE TEXT

Q1. What do the Qur'an and the traditions of the Prophet (PBUH) tell us on backbiting and scandal mongering?

Ans. Our sacred holy Qur'an condemns Scandal mongering and backbiting in strongest terms. In Sahi Muslim, our beloved Prophet Muhammad ^(SAW) says that a person who indulges in backbiting is a man who has eaten the flesh of his elder brother.

Q2. What do the Gita and the Bible tell us on backbiting?

Ans. All the religions criticize on backbiting. Gita says that a person who is free from backbiting is pure and free from fear, and the person who has a habit of backbiting is sinner and is born to demoniac endowments.

Bible says that we all make errors in many ways, and a person who does not make an error is a perfect man and he can curb his whole body on his will.

Q3. What do the Granth Sahib and Lord Buddha tell us on backbiting?

Ans. Granth Sahib says that a backbiter carries the great burden of sins and he carries loads without any payment.

Lord Buddha in his eightfold path says that one requires living a life based on right speech.

Q4. Why did the servant of Rabbi Simeon bring tongues both the times?

Ans. Rabbi Simeon’s servant brings tongues both the times because it is only the tongue that issues the good and the bad, also there is nothing better than a good tongue and nothing worse than an evil one.

Q5. Why did Rabbi Simeon invite his disciples for a meal?

Ans. Rabbi Simeon invited his disciples for a meal to tell them about the advantages of soft tongue. He conveyed a message to them that only use soft tongue in their conversation with another because soft tongue spreads sweetness.

Q6. What according to you is the moral of the lesson?

Ans. Vice offends the moral standards of the community, and scandal mongering and backbiting are vices, we should always refrain from this, so that to be pure in front of our Almighty Allah.

Q7. How does our tongue do good or bad to others?

Ans. A good tongue pleases people and makes them happy, and a bad tongue offends them and hurts them, which is a great sin in all religions.

LANGUAGE WORK

Add the correct ending to each of the following words and say what each person does or is connected with:

1. Govern        governor                      one who govern.

2. Cater           caterer                         one who provides food or drink for a social or business function.

3. Translate      translator                     one translates text from one language to another.

4. Novel          novelist                        one who writes novels.

5. Tour             tourist                          one who undertakes a journey to see a place.

6. Politics        politician                     one who takes part in political activities.

7. Decorate      decorator                     one who decorates houses.

8. Art               artist                            one who has a skill of painting etc.

9. Economics   economist                    one who deals with the economy.

10. Drama       dramatist                     one makes dramas and plays.

11. Cricket      cricketer                      one who plays cricket.

12. Engine       engineer                       one who has studied engineering.

13. History      historian                      one who writes history.

14. Mountain   mountaineer                one who climbs mountains.

15. Donate      donator                        one who donates.

16. Grammar   grammarian                 one who knows the rules of grammar.

17. Auction     auctioneer                    one who checks accounts in offices.

18. Science      scientist                       one who has the practical knowledge of science.

19. Teach         teacher                         one who teaches in a classroom.

20. Electricity electrician                    one who has the knowledge of electricity.

21. Physics      physician                     one who has the knowledge of physics.

22. Write         writer                           one who writes.

23. Speak        speaker                        one who makes a speech.

24. Win           winner                         one who wins.

25. Mathematics          mathematician             one who knows mathematics.

GRAMMAR WORK

Complete each sentence with an adverb. The first letters of each adverb are given.

1. We didn’t go out because it was raining heavily.

2. Our team lost the game because we played badly.

3. I had little difficulty finding a place to live. I found a flat easily.

4. We had to wait for a long time, but we didn’t complain. We waited patiently.

5. Nobody knew Atif was coming to see us. He arrived unexpectedly.

6. Zeeshan keeps fit by playing tennis regularly.

7. I don’t speak Punjabi very well, but I can understand it perfectly if spoken slowly and clearly.

Put in the correct word.

1. Two people are seriously injured in the accident. (Serious / seriously)

2. The driver of the car had serious injuries. (Serious / seriously)

3. I think you behaved very selfishly. (Selfish / selfishly)

4. Razia is terribly upset about losing her job. (Terrible / terribly)

5. There was a sudden change in the weather. (Sudden / suddenly)

6. Everybody at the marriage party was colourfully dressed. (Colourful / colourfully)

7. Aslam speaks English fluently. (Fluent / fluently)

8. Ved Sir fell and hurt himself quite badly. (Bad / badly)

9. Hafeez didn’t do well at school because he was taught badly. (Bad / badly)

10. Don’t go up that ladder. It doesn't look safe. (Safe / safely)

Poem 6: Mercy (T1)

THINKING ABOUT THE POEM

Q1. Where does the quality of the mercy come from? Who are blessed by it?

Ans. The quality of the mercy come from the heaven and takes a place in the heart of that person who deserves it. It is blessed on the people who gives it and on those who takes it.

Q2. How is mercy better than the crown of the king?

Ans. Mercy is better than the crown of king because king is crowned only on earth to show his mighty power but the mercy takes place in the heart of kings and comes from heaven with mightiest power.

Q3. What does the sceptre stand for? How does it affect the kings?

Ans. “Sceptre” stands for royal wand or authority used by kings to show their earthly power while punishing the culprits. It makes the king proud or dreadful on earth and keeps them away from the mercy.

Q4. When does the earthly power look like God’s power?

Ans. When the mercy is enthroned in the hearts of kings while punishing the culprits using sceptre, then the earthly power, looks like God’s power.

Q5. How is mercy alone the “sceptred sway”?

Ans. Mercy comes from the heaven and when it lies in the heart of kings, it is ‘sceptred sway’ above because God likes mercy than punishment.

Q6. What happens when mercy seasons justice?

Ans. When mercy seasons justice then the earthly power looks like God’s itself because justice is the symbol of mercy and mercy brings happiness.

LANGUAGE WORK

a) Find out the similes and/or metaphors in the poem.

Ans. Some of them found in the poem are; gentle rain, sceptre, doth earthly power.

b) Find out poetical words in the poem and also write their names;

Ans. Strain’d               means- forced

Droppeth                     means- drops, descends

Tis                               means- this

Blesseth                       means- blesses or bless

Poem 7: Wrinkles (T1)

THINKING ABOUT THE POEM

Q1. How many wrinkles does the poet find on mother’s face?

Ans. If we read the poem carefully, we will see that the poet has used the word “wrinkle” four times and “wrinkles” two times. So we can say that the poet has found four wrinkles on the mother’s face. Since the poet has written the last wrinkle as suppression, so there may be five wrinkles on the mothers face.

Q2. What does the first wrinkle represent?

Ans. The first wrinkle represents the marriage of his mother, when her father got her married and she was separated from her birth home to another’s home where she had to live her entire life with an unknown person.

Q3. What do the second and the third wrinkle represent?

Ans. Second wrinkle represents the time when the child was not born and was in the womb of the mother growing there by sucking every drop of blood in the form of mother’s food.

The third wrinkle represents the time when he sucked the attractiveness of her face by sucking her milk from her breasts.

Q4. What is the poet seeking under the wrinkles of the mother?

Ans. Under the wrinkle of the mother, the poet is seeking a young aged girl who is fond of playing hopscotch and the game of pebbles.

Q5. What are the activities the poet’s mother used to do when she was a girl?

Ans. When the poet’s mother was a girl, she used to celebrate Raade Festival and immerse Raade seedlings in River Tawi. She used to bath during the Navratras and was fond of playing hopscotch and the game of pebbles.

Q6. How does the end?

Ans. The poem ends with poet saying that he will bring colours of Raade, colourful stripes for his mother’s dupatta and colourful pebbles for his mother so that his mother would look like a girl as she was in young age. He wishes to bring the happiness and pleasures of her young age so that she would be happy as she used to be in her young age.

LANGUAGE WORK

Write the meaning of the following phrases or expression as used in the poem:

Ans. 1. From the backyard                 to separate someone from his/her birthplace or quietly

2. On your blood                                 to feed on the digested food, to make the host of someone.

3. Nourished myself                            to grow or develop own self

4. Took me away                                 to take someone away from the close one or separate someone from dear one.

5. Taking courage                                being courageous

6. Under the skin                                beneath or below age, or feel or see something

7. From across the river                       to a long distance, with hard work.

Short Story 4: Rustum and Sohrab (T1)

WORKING WITH THE TEXT

A. Answer the following questions:

Q1. Why was Rustum not able to live with his wife for a long time?

Ans. Rustum was not able to stay with his wife because the king of Persia called him back as he felt unsafe without Rustum. Rustum was called ‘the shield of Persia’, so he had to go away from his wife who was then in a family way.

Q2. Why did Tanimeh send word to Rustum that their child was daughter?

Ans. Tanimeh knew that when the boy grew up, Rustum would be eager to have him follow in his footsteps, in this way she would lose her son like she lost her husband, so she sent word to Rustum that their child was a daughter.

Q3. What secret did Sohrab learn from his mother?

Ans. Sohrab learned the secret of his father’s name that had been hidden from him by his mother for some reasons.

Q4. What did Tanimeh want Sohrab to do when he met his father?

Ans. Tanimeh wanted Sohrab to show his father the precious stone that he had worn on his arm because this stone was given to her by Rustum, Sohrab’s father. By doing that his father would easily recognize him.

Q5. Why was Rustum at first not ready to fight Sohrab?

Ans. Rustum was too old to fight a young brave man and he had an aged father to look after. So he refused to fight with Sohrab.

Q6. Why did Rustum not tell Sohrab who he was?

Ans. Rustum thought that the young man was trying to be clever. If he told the truth, Sohrab might want to make peace with him and withdraw from the fight.

Q7. How was Sohrab wounded?

Ans. When Rustum shouted his usual war cry, Sohrab was unnerved and he dropped his shield. Rustum’s sword pierced his side and he sank to the ground. In this way he was wounded.

Q8. What were Sohrab’s last words?

Ans. While Sohrab lay dying he told his father to take him to home and burry there, so that people pass by will said that, Sohrab, the mighty Rustum’s son, lies there, Whom his father did in ignorance kill.

B. Find words/phrases given below for the following expressions:

Break down, precious, mighty, bury, combat, send word, invader, chief, protect, send for, parting, determined, strong-minded

a. A fight, especially in a war.            Combat

b. To keep somebody/something safe from harm, injury etc.             Protect

c. Going away or separating from somebody.            Parting

d. To send someone a message.          Send word

e. Wanting to do something very much regardless of difficulties.     Stron-minded

f. Determined to do something or get something.      Determined

g. Someone who enters a country by force in order to take control of it.      Invader

h. A long distance away or a long time in the past or future.             Distant

i. To become very upset and start crying.       Break down

j. Of great and special value.              Precious

k. An officer of very high rank in the army.               Chief

l. Put a dead body in grave.                Bury

m. Very powerful.                   Mighty

n. To call someone back.                     Send for

C. Choose the correct option:

1. “Persia is safe as long as Rustum leads our soldiers,” said The King of Persia

2. “I do not fight in single combat with anyone who is of low birth,” These words are spoken by The Challenger.

3. “If you must go, I want to tell you something.” Said Tanimeh

4. “Who is so rash and thoughtless that he thinks he can attack Persia?” asked Kaikoos

5. “Carry me to your home and bury me there.” These words are spoken by Sohrab

D. Match the words in Column A with the explanations given in Column B:

Ans.                

Column A                              Column B

a. War cry                                a word or cry shouted in battle.

b. Challenger                           one who calls someone for fight.

c. Arts of war                          skill in use of weapons and in fighting.

d. Champion                           one who fights for or defends some other person.

e. Swordsmanship                   skill in the use of sword.

f. Spirit                                    quality of courage and vigor.

g. Terror                                  great fear.

h. Clasp                                   hold tightly.

i. Amazed                                extremely surprised.

j. Ambition                              a strong desire for success, power or wealth.

LANGUAGE WORK

A. Combine the following pairs of sentences with unless:  Answers Only;

1. Unless you run fast, you cannot catch the train.

2. Unless work hard, you cannot get a first class.

3. Unless you hurry, you will not catch the bus.

4. Unless you do as I tell, you will not regret it.

5. Unless you tell me about your problem I cannot give you some solution.

B. Match each clause from Column A with a clause from Column B and make meaningful sentences:

Ans.

1. If I had worked harder,      I would have got more marks.

2. If the driver in front had not stopped,        the accident would not have happened.

3. If the weather had not been so bad, we could have gone out.

4. If you have arrived earlier, you could have seen her.

5. If you have moved the injured to hospital immediately, you might have saved his life.

6. If you had not lent me the money, I would not have been able to buy a car.

GRAMMAR WORK

A. Report the following sentences in the indirect speech:

1. She said, “My father will return from Jammu tomorrow.”

Ans. She said that her father would return from Jammu next day.

2. They said, “We will die for the sake of our country.”

Ans. They said that they would die for the sake of their country.

3. The teacher said, “Baber won the first battle of Panipat.”

Ans. The teacher said that Baber won the first battle at Panipat.

4. I said to him, “You have made a false statement.”

Ans. I told him that he had made a false statement.

5. They said to us, “We will play a match tomorrow.”

Ans. They told us that they would play a match next day.

6. I said to him, “I am an early riser.”

Ans. I told him that I was an early riser.

7. He said, “My father died last year.”

Ans. He said that his father died previous year.

8. She said to me, “The climate of this place does not suit me.”

Ans. She told me that the climate of that place did not suit her.

9. I said to the peon, “All your faults will be pardoned if you confess them.”

Ans. I told the peon that all his faults would be pardoned if he confesses them.

10. I said, “I shall finish my work as early as I can.”

Ans. I said that I should finish my work as early as I could.

B. Change the following sentences into direct speech:

1. The employer warned him that he would be dismissed if he did attend the office.

Ans. The employer said to him, “You will be dismissed if you do not attend the office.”

2. Sanjay said that his brother had met with an accident the previous day.

Ans. Sanjay said, “My brother has met with an accident yesterday.”

3. I informed him that I might not come the next day.

Ans. I said to him, “I may not come tomorrow.”

4. The principal announced that the next day would be the holiday.

Ans. The principal said, “Tomorrow will be holiday.”

5. The teacher told us that we were intelligent and hard working.

Ans. The teacher said to us, “You are intelligent and hard working.”

Regards :-Ihsaan Want